It is possible for the topology to be non-trivial, but afaik we don’t know for sure; if the universe does loop back on itself, then it would be on large length scales that we can’t measure. We are fairly confident the universe is flat (has 0 curvature) at least. Note that this means that the universe probably doesn’t literally look like a donut: physical donuts have curvature, whereas topological tori need not have curvature. This is because a donut is a 2-torus embedded in 3D space, which isn’t equivalent to 2D space having the same topology as a 2-torus. A simple analogy for those who aren’t aware: an example of a 2D universe with non-trivial topology but flat geometry is a Pac-Man level, which is essentially a flat 2-torus. The curvature is flat everywhere, but it loops back on itself at the edges. Answer from cdstephens on reddit.com
The Awakening Coach
theawakening.coach › home › blog › the toroidal universe
The Toroidal Universe - A geometric theory of space-time
August 20, 2025 - The Toroidal Universe theory proposes that the universe is expanding unevenly because space-time dynamically flows with the geometry of a torus.
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Reddit
reddit.com › r/askphysics › is a torus universe possible?
r/AskPhysics on Reddit: Is a Torus universe possible?
June 15, 2023 -
Pops up now and then, but I know it's not widely accepted, but I do love the elegance of it.
Has it been thoroughly disproven or is it still a possible shape for our universe?
Top answer 1 of 7
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It is possible for the topology to be non-trivial, but afaik we don’t know for sure; if the universe does loop back on itself, then it would be on large length scales that we can’t measure. We are fairly confident the universe is flat (has 0 curvature) at least. Note that this means that the universe probably doesn’t literally look like a donut: physical donuts have curvature, whereas topological tori need not have curvature. This is because a donut is a 2-torus embedded in 3D space, which isn’t equivalent to 2D space having the same topology as a 2-torus. A simple analogy for those who aren’t aware: an example of a 2D universe with non-trivial topology but flat geometry is a Pac-Man level, which is essentially a flat 2-torus. The curvature is flat everywhere, but it loops back on itself at the edges.
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To our best measurements, the universe appears flat. Euclidean and toroidal space are still valid assuming this is true. It could be that the universe is curved but too slightly for our measurements. It's very difficult to rule things out.
ESO Supernova
supernova.eso.org › exhibition › images › spheroidal-universe
The toroidal Universe | ESO Supernova
This is a representation of the hypothesised toroidal Universe, or "donut theory" of the Universe. Such a Universe cannot really be visualised this way, as donuts have two dimensional surfaces, and the proposed toroidal Universe would be curved not just through space, but through spacetime.
arXiv
arxiv.org › abs › 2508.08747
[2508.08747] On quantum creation of a toroidal universe
August 21, 2025 - We consider the quantum creation of a universe with flat spatial sections and the topology of a 3-torus, taking into account the effect of Casimir energy. We show that the corresponding instantons are singular.
Preprints.org
preprints.org › manuscript › 202406.0674 › v1
The Hyper-Torus Universe Model—A New Paradigm for Understanding Reality[v1] | Preprints.org
June 11, 2024 - Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The ... energy in the universe’s evolution [202,256]. The Hyper-Torus Universe Model (HTUM) seeks to address these limitations by proposing a four-dimensional toroidal structure of the universe [152,158]. This model integrates the Big Bang and ...
Lee Bladon
evolvingsouls.com › home › blog
The Toroidal Universe - A geometric theory of space-time
December 4, 2025 - Most scientists believe that space ... in gravity). This article proposes that the universe only appears to be expanding because space-time dynamically flows with the geometry of a torus....
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YouTube
youtube.com › watch
Torus: The Toroidal Energy Field of the Universe [The Spore] - YouTube
In this episode I look into the concept of a toroidal universe...Torus Fields Explained / Toroidal Shapes / Singularity..Follow me on instagram for details o...
Published December 22, 2020
YouTube
youtube.com › watch
The Universe Could Be a 3D Donut and Not Infinite Study Suggests - YouTube
Good telescope that I've used to learn the basics: https://amzn.to/35r1jAkGet a Wonderful Person shirt: https://teespring.com/stores/whatdamathAlternatively,...
Published July 26, 2021
YouTube
youtube.com › watch
William Brown: Toroidal Geometry Of The Universe - YouTube
Clip from Faculty Q&A SessionJoin the Resonance Academy: https://academy.resonance.isThe Resonance Science Foundation: https://resonance.is/
Published June 6, 2018
Medium
arielist.medium.com › torus-flow-ai-completionism-and-the-edging-of-the-universe-bd7be8d7beed
Torus flow, AI completionism, and the edging of the universe 🌠 | by Ariel Meadow Stallings | Medium
December 31, 2024 - This is a torus field. Image courtesy of The Toroidal Universe. Here’s my working theory: god replicates itself through pleasure. To be clear, I’m a nondualist (not a theist) so I think of god as physics and chemistry and biology. And when I talk about pleasure, I don’t necessarily mean ...
ResearchGate
researchgate.net › publication › 381624308_The_Hyper-Torus_Universe_Model-A_New_Paradigm_for_Understanding_Reality
(PDF) The Hyper-Torus Universe Model—A New Paradigm for Understanding Reality
June 16, 2024 - an emergent property arising from the causal relationships within the universe’s toroidal structure [ ... ]. This perspective on time has profound implications for our understanding of causality, the nature · of reality, and the unification of quantum mechanics and gravity. By viewing time as an intrinsic · property of the universe’s structure, the HTUM opens up new possibilities for addressing the apparent · incompatibility between these fundamental theories and provides a framework for exploring the
YouTube
youtube.com › watch
Universe form - Torus - YouTube
Animation is created by Bright Side.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Music by Epidemic Sound https://w...
Published January 27, 2023
ResearchGate
researchgate.net › figure › A-Torus-as-a-dynamic-model-for-the-recreation-rebirth-of-our-Universe-from-a-wormhole_fig4_326972894
(A) Torus as a dynamic model for the recreation (rebirth) of our... | Download Scientific Diagram
Download scientific diagram | (A) Torus as a dynamic model for the recreation (rebirth) of our Universe from a wormhole structure, connecting an ultimate black hole (collecting and compressing all information) with a white hole (transmission and unfolding of information into a new version of the universe, see Meijer and Geesink, 2017; (B) Torus dynamics allow a twisted knotting into a 4-D space aspect of reality, C: Cartoon of Calabi-Yau manifold model of a multi-dimensional space (D) formation of various types of torus information knots, that may represent standing waves or attractors in the