I don't know why so many downvotes without reasonable explanation? and How I can find a researcher that downvote my answer and question? Please see this question and answer: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_I_can_find_a_researcher_that_downvote_my_answer_and_question

As a long-term mod who has put a lot of effort into improving "my" communities*, comments on your final paragraph, especially as I see from your profile that despite having a seven-year account, you don't seem to be a current mod anywhere, so some of this might be news :

Turn off the downvote button. - this sort of works for desktop old-reddit users who accept CSS, who are now a minority of users. There is no way a moderator can turn off the downvote button for users redditing via an app, or via the new desktop design, who (both groups together) are now easily the majority.

Try to only ban people and delete posts for a lack of civility/respect or outright bullying/abuse, rather than unpopular views - false dichotomy, most of my bans are to people who refuse to read sidebar rules, and spammers. Most bans are temporary, though, and we've had really good ongoing contributors who have been through temp-bans. Making most first bans just a week long, if there is any possibility that it was just someone having a bad day, rather being a dedicated asshole, would be a good piece of advice.

Perhaps use AutoModerator tools to encourage open and civil discussion - I really have no idea what specifically you mean by this. Can you elaborate here?

The second half of that paragraph, I haven't quoted because it's excellent and true.

*(except this one. I'm still a mod here, but it's the only sub I mod that I don't enjoy any more, because it's become awfully political and attracts a ton of hyper-partisan arguments ever since Trump became the nominee, and we could no longer reasonably exclude the-donald from our topics. I'm not even American. It shouldn't be my job to clean up vomit from your broken country. But I still have just enough love for the subreddit from the old days left to stay and occasionally clean up vomit, but that's all it feels like most days, except the rare treat of when we get a good well-written post like this, so thank you.)

I tend to upvote people who have been downvoted out of sympathy.

I have been active on different SO/SE forums for quite a while.

The sites here aren't forums, they're tightly curated Q/A resources, more akin to Wikipedia than a social network.

However, I have barely seen the same behavior from other SO users. Consider this post for example. There I have asked a question about compiling software on FreeDOS and I didn't ask it on SuperUser because I speculated (wrongly) it will include some programing.

The question was closed, and the close message gives a very useful pointer for you, namely:

"Questions about general computing hardware and software are off-topic for Stack Overflow unless they directly involve tools used primarily for programming. You may be able to get help on Super User."

Which tells you quite a bit about what went wrong with your post. Downvotes don't come with explicit messages, and this has been brought up and declined more then a hundred times already (no, really), but they do have a description on the privilege page and the arrow:

This question does not show any research effort; it is unclear or not useful

From which you can extrapolate quite a bit.

As soon as I wrote this I experienced a tsunami of downvotes and flags on my posts and former posts! someone even took the liberty to edit my post and remove this criticize. So here are the points I want to discuss:

That's regrettable but also understandable. In your message you basically accuse people who donate their free time and expertise to keep stack overflow clean of refuse and off topic questions of being toxic. Being that this is tagged with psychology, one of the universals of human psychology is that people dislike being accused of things they find reprehensible but haven't done. It''s therefore unsurprising that editing such a paragraph into the question would draw negative attention.

what exactly happens in the mind of a person causing him/her to downvote others without giving them the chance to learn why? and why when this behavior is criticized they tend to do it even worse? Has there ever been a psychological study on people's behavior on social media and how they try to punish/silence others?

When you curate posts on Stack Overflow, you see a lot of bad posts. Like, 90% of what you see in the close votes or new posts queue is bad or off topic. The strain of explaining the same thing to 1.000 people making the same mistake day after day makes people curt in their responses. The SE system has mitigated this by reducing human interaction: close reasons are largely canned, and commenting about your downvotes is discouraged.

I disagree that this has anything to do with silencing or punishing others, that is your interpretation into it from not knowing exactly how it works. This here site is not a social media platform or forum, it is a (supposed to be) tightly curated Q/A resource. You wouldn't accuse people of silencing others on wikipedia because your contribution to an article got rejected, for instance. It's in the same vein here.

Regarding for why making wild accusations draws additional negative attention, see above.

Why SO/SE still has the feature of anonymous downvote without explanation. When there is a flag option what is the benefit of having downvote at all?

This topic has been discussed, the idea rejected, and the topic discussed hundreds of times on Stack Overflow and on here. So much so, there's a FAQ dedicated to listing the arguments. You'll note that FAQ has 60 undeleted linked questions alone.

why there is no option to move questions across these SO/SE forums if being "on-topic" is so important?

There is, in limited circumstances, it's called migration. It's not often used, because usually questions have to be reworded / reworked significantly anyways to fit on the scope of another SE site, and usually these questions are poor to start.

The answer to this typically depends on who would ask the question, and the overall quality of their posts.

So I had a look at your profile (actually the active account - BTW you can ask to merge them). I am not able to see the potentially deleted posts, but from what I saw - and from what I could guess about your intentions from your description above -, it seems to me that the only thing you have to do to overcome this fear is to simply

be more confident in yourself

Here is what led me to say this:

• You seem to generally post after having made a lot of research. Posts that will cause most trouble are posts that are technically wrong. If you carefully check what you say, like you seem to do, there isn't such risk.
• You seem to be careful about the rules. You posted this very question at the right place, know what flagging is, etc...
• Although your post above is a bit long-winded, it's well articulated. That's a good sign.

All these qualities tell me your posts can fit this network pretty well. I have seen horrible posts (half-assed homework questions, answers just copy-pasting other answers, blocks of total nonsense text, ...) all over the network and those are the posts targeted by the closure/flagging system. I can tell you are very far away from those.

However, you may experience downvotes occasionally. We all have. Don't take those personally. It may hurt a bit, but it isn't significant. Take that as an experience, even when it doesn't seem justified. And when it is justified (become it may be, sometimes), take that as an opportunity to improve your post.

In any case, a few downvotes on a few posts won't trigger anything bad regarding your account. Believe me, I have seen much worse from some users, that didn't seem to have consequences for them.

Edit: It seems your very post here actually experienced quite some downvotes. Here is what I can guess about the causes:

• Your post is very long, as I mentioned. It could be made much shorter for the same effect. One of the comments gave you that hint (as a joke). Here is where downvotes can effectively be used to improve a post.
• Some people will look at the title and say "ugh, a snowflake being afraid of downvotes. Just grow thick skin; let me help you with that by downvoting". You can't do anything about that. Just let it slide.

Why do people take downvotes so personally?

Two reasons:

1. It hurts to be told that you are wrong.

2. Downvotes lead to a ban.

The rep loss seems (mostly) a minor thing.

Honestly same. I go through my comments every time I open Reddit and make sure none are downvoted. I had one that was and I instantly deleted it and I still feel bad about it but it was like a week ago now. I just keep worrying that I did something wrong or upset someone.

The karma system is kind of nuts in the first place. What do you mean the amount that other people agree with me determines whether I can post in certain subs

It's reddit, even people with doctorates and master degrees get down voted. 80% of this place are trolls anyway. I wouldn't take anything that happens on social media for anything more then what it really is; completely meaningless.

The comments are there for people who want to explain their downvotes.

The only thing I can think of is an AJAX <div> reminder for users when they cast downvotes:

Please consider adding a comment if you think this post can be improved.

After the first downvote, we can't say we didn't remind them, and honestly that's as good as it gets. Forcing a comment will end in even worse results.

edit: this is now status-completed and live for users with reputation below 2000. It is shown on every downvote until you get to 2k.

You could pull a few thousand reddit comments from the google bigquery database and sort them by score. You might be surprised just how much terrible content gets filtered out/ pushed down by using downvotes. And it would help you move from the anecdotal to the statistical.