Plants:
* From the Americas: Crops like corn, potatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts, and chili peppers were introduced to other continents, revolutionizing agriculture and diets worldwide.
* To the Americas: Staple crops such as wheat, rice, rye, and barley were introduced, alongside fruits like bananas and citrus fruits.

Animals:
* To the Americas: Animals such as horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep were introduced. These animals provided new sources of food, wool, and traction, fundamentally altering the American landscape and economy.
* From the Americas: While fewer animals were exported from the Americas, species like turkeys were among those that traveled to other continents.

This exchange also included the devastating introduction of diseases from Eurasia and Africa to the Americas, which decimated native populations.

Conversely, the Old World introduced crops such as wheat, rice, rye, barley, bananas, and citrus fruits like oranges and lemons to the New World.